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Intel 4004 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Intel D4004. National Semiconductor INS4004. The 4004 was released on November 15, 1971. ... to leave the solar system, used an Intel 4004 microprocessor. ...
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Intel 4004 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Intel 4004. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from 4004) ... Intel 4004D. The 4004 was released in 16-pin CERDIP packaging on November 15, 1971. ...
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Intel's First Microprocessor-the Intel 4004
Information on the 35th anniversary of Intel's first microprocessor-the Intel 4004 ... The Intel® 4004 microprocessor, introduced in November 1971, started an ...
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The Intel 4004 Home
Home. Back. The Intel 4004. A testimonial from Federico Faggin, its designer, on ... The ...
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Intel 4004: Information from Answers.com
4004 The first microprocessor from Intel. Designed by Marcian E. 'Ted' Hoff at Intel in 1971, it was a 4-bit, general-purpose CPU initially developed
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Intel 4004 - 35th Anniversary Project
Photography: Tim McNerney, 4004 masks: courtesy Intel, Schematics drawn by: ... The Intel 4004 is widely considered to be the world's first microprocessor. ...
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Intel 4004 - The World's First Single Chip Microprocessor
The Intel 4004 was the first single chip microprocessor ... The Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit down one step further by placing ...
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{{Infobox Computer Hardware Cpu| name = Intel 4004| image = C4004.JPG.jpg| caption = Intel C4004 microprocessor| produced-start = late 1971| produced-end = 1981http://www.cpushack.net/life-cycle-of-cpu.html| slowest = 740 | slow-unit = kHz| fastest = | fast-unit =| fsb-slowest = | fsb-slow-unit =| fsb-fastest = | fsb-fast-unit =| manuf1 = Intel| arch = pre x86 [central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971. Intel purports it is the world's first commercial microprocessor. The 4004 employed a 10 micrometre silicon-gate PMOS logic technology and could execute approximately 60,000 instructions per second.

History and description The 4004 was released in 16-pin dual in-line package packaging on November 15 1971. The 4004 is the first computer processor designed and manufactured by integrated circuit maker Intel, which previously made semiconductor memory chips. The chief designers of the chip were Federico Faggin (project leader and chip designer) and Marcian Hoff (architecture) of Intel and Masatoshi Shima of Busicom (later of ZiLOG). Shima designed the Busicom calculator firmware and assisted Faggin during the implementation.

Originally designed for the Japanese company Busicom to be used in their line of calculators (instead of the complex special purpose calculator chipset that Busicom had designed themselves and brought to Intel to have made, which Intel determined was too complex to make with the technology they had at the time), the 4004 was also provided with a family of custom support chips (e.g., each "Program read-only memory" internally latched for its own use the 4004's 12-bit program address, which allowed 4 kilobyte memory access from the 4-bit address bus if all 16 ROMs were installed). The 4004 circuit was built of 2,250 transistors, and was followed the next year by the first ever 8-bit microprocessor, the 3,300 transistor Intel 8008 (and the Intel 4040, a revised 4004).

As its fourth entry in the microprocessor market, Intel released the CPU that started the microcomputer revolution — the Intel 8080.

The Intel 4004 is said to have the computing power of the ENIAC, a 1946 supercomputer that weighed 27 tonnes and occupied 680 square feet of floor space.

A popular myth has it that Pioneer 10, the first spacecraft to leave the solar system, used an Intel 4004 microprocessor. According to Dr. Larry Lasher of Ames Research Center, the Pioneer team did evaluate the 4004, but "it was too new at the time to include in any of the Pioneer projects."

On 15 November 2006, the 35th anniversary of the Intel 4004, Intel celebrated by releasing the chip's schematics, maskworks, and user manual. Original schematic and masks from Intel

First microprocessor commercially available, sold as a component According to Nick Tredennick, a recognized engineer and microprocessor designer, and an expert witness to the Boone/Hyatt patent case:Here are my opinions from study conducted for the patent case. The first microprocessor in a commercial product was Four Phase Systems' AL1. The first commercially available (sold as a component) microprocessor was the 4004 from Intel.Citing Nick Tredennick, online message posted 12 May 2002, Subject: The 8008 and the AL1, quoted fromTECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF THE INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (ITRS),dissertation by Robert R. Schaller, page 317 (PDF page 340)http://www.xecu.net/schaller/schaller_dissertation_2004.pdf retrieved

Contrary to popular belief, the 4004 was not a single-chip microprocessor: operation required at minimum the 4004 CPU and 4001 ROM, adding the 4002 RAM for user data and 4003 I/O port shift as needed. Intel produced its first true single-chip microprocessor, the 8085, in 1975. See page 310 (PDF page 333) in the referenced dissertation for discussion and comparison.

Technical specifications

• Maximum clock speed is 740 kilohertzAll of Intel's 4004 data sheets, including the very first data sheet from November 1971, clearly indicate that the minimum clock period is 1350 nanoseconds, which results in a maximum clock speed of 740 kHz. Unfortunately, many apparently reputable web pages and other sources list an incorrect clock speed of 108 kHz; even Intel's own pages on the 4004's history say this. The 4004's minimum instruction cycle time is 10.8 microseconds (8 clock cycles), and it seems most likely that someone in the past confused this with a clock speed. This error has now propagated very widely.The original clock speed design goal was 1MHz, the same as the IBM 1620 Model I.
• Separate program and data storage (i.e., a Harvard architecture). Contrary to most Harvard architecture designs, however, which use separate computer buses, the 4004, with its need to keep pin count down, uses a single multiplexer 4-bit bus for transferring:
• 12-bit addresses
• 8-bit instructions
• 4-bit data word (computer science)s
• Instruction set contains 46 instructions (of which 41 are 8 bits wide and 5 are 16 bits wide)
• Register set contains 16 registers of 4 bits each
• Internal subroutine stack-based memory allocation is 3 levels deep

Microarchitecture and pinout Click the pictures to view the full-size versions.

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Custom support chips

• 4001: 256-byte ROM (256 8-bit program instructions), and one built-in 4-bit input/output porta 4001 ROM+I/O chip cannot be used in a system along with a 4008/4009 pair.
• 4002: 40-byte random-access memory (80 4-bit data words), and one built-in 4-bit output port; the RAM portion of the chip is organized into four "registers" of twenty 4-bit words:
• 16 data words (used for mantissa digits in the original calculator design)
• 4 status words (used for exponent digits and signs in the original calculator design)
• 4003: 10-bit parallel output shift register for scanning keyboards, displays, printers, etc.
• 4008: 8-bit address latch for access to standard memory chips, and one built-in 4-bit chip select and I/O port
• 4009: program and I/O access converter to standard memory and I/O chips

Naming the first microprocessor When Federico Faggin designed the MCS-4 family he also christened the chips with distinct names: 4001, 4002, 4003, and 4004, breaking away from the numbering scheme used by Intel at that time which would have required the names 1302, 1105, 1507, and 1202 respectively. Had he followed Intel's number sequence, the idea that the chips were part of a family of components intended to work seamlessly together would have been lost.

Intel's early numbering scheme for integrated circuits contemplated using a four-digit number for each component. The most significant digit position indicated the process technology used, as follows: The number "1" meant P-channel MOS, "2" indicated N-channel MOS, "3" was reserved for bipolar technology, and "5" was used for CMOS technology. All other numbers were not used.

The next most significant digit was used to indicate the generic function performed by the component, as follows: "1" was used for RAM, "2" indicated random logic, "3" indicated ROM, "5" meant shift register, "6" and "7" were used for one-time programmable ROM and EPROM respectively. The last two digits of the number were used to indicate the sequential number in the development of the component.

Collectability The Intel 4004 is one of world's most sought-after collectible/antique chips. Of highest value are 4004s that are gold and white, with so-called 'grey traces' visible on the white ceramic (the original package type). As of 2005, such chips have reached around US$1000 each on eBay. The slightly less valuable white and gold chips without grey traces typically reach $300 to $500. Those chips without a 'date code' underneath are earlier versions, and therefore worth slightly more. More recently however, these vintage ICs have been dropping in value due to their relative abundance as the market is now flooded with surplus stock from sellers looking to cash in on the Intel craze.

Original publications

• F. Faggin and M.E. Hoff: "Standard parts and custom design merge in four-chip processor kit". Electronics/April 24, 1972, pp. 112-116
• F. Faggin, M.Shima, M.E. Hoff, Jr., H. Feeney, S. Mazor: "The MCS-4 An LSI micro computer system". IEEE '72 Region Six Conference
• US Patent 3,753,001 August 14, 1973. Faggin, Federico: Power supply settable bi-stable circuit.
• US Patent 3,821,715 June 28, 1974. Hoff, Marcian; Mazor, Stanley; Faggin, Federico: Memory system for multi-chip digital computer.

Notes

External links

• Intel 4004 - Collectors page, many pictures - www.CPU-Galaxy.at

• Intel's First Microprocessor—the Intel® 4004 — Intel Museum (Intel Corporate Archives) entry.
• The Intel 4004: A testimonial from Federico Faggin, its designer, on the first microprocessor's thirtieth birthday — Faggin's own 4004 website.
• Interview with Masatoshi Shima regarding his role in the 4004 — at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers's History Center.
• MCS-4 Micro Computer Set Data Sheet (12 pp.) — Intel Corp., November 1971; at the Smithsonian's Chip Collection.
• Comprehensive Intel 4004 chipset information — at Christian Bassow's CPU Museum.
• Intel 4004 schematics — at the unofficial 4004 website, and a simulator in Java.

Intel 4004 from FOLDOC
Intel 4004 < processor > The world's first microprocessor, released in 1971. The 4004 contained 2300 transistors (compared with 5.5 million in the 1996 Pentium Pro) and was ...

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Information on the 35th anniversary of Intel's first microprocessor—the Intel 4004 ... In 2006, Intel marked the 35th anniversary of one of the most significant products in ...

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A testimonial from Federico Faggin, its designer, on the first microprocessor's thirtieth birthday

Intel 4004 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971. In order to avoid controversy, Intel makes no claim that it is the world's first ...

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Nov 15, 2007 Team recreates "source code" and releases cool Busicom 141-PF calculator simulator

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Intel 4040 from FOLDOC
Intel 4040 < processor > An enhanced version of the Intel 4004, adding 14 instructions, larger (8 level) stack, 8 kbyte program memory and interrupt abilities (including shadows of ...

Intel 4040 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Intel 4040 microprocessor was the successor to the Intel 4004. It was introduced in 1974. The 4040 employed a 10 μm silicon-gate enhancement load PMOS technology, was made up ...